Papers

Author: D. Lewin, A. Edwards

Institution: Liverpool Hope University (United Kingdom)

Abstract: Much has been said about the different conceptions of well-being that educators look towards. In this paper we consider how transhumanists attempt to think beyond well-being. Our purpose here is not to suggest that we have arrived at a meaning of being or well-being and that it is now time move on towards a transhuman future. On the contrary, the transhuman vision beyond the present tells us more, we argue, about the limitations of our understanding of the depth of well-being. What might seem like rather fantastical models of the goal of education are not as distant as they seem; the practical implications of modern technology increasingly require us to face the projection of humanity in our own image. It is argued that a theological conception of human nature will provide insight into transcendence that transhumanism does not consider.

Keywords: transhumanism, education, well-being, theology, philisophy, transcendence.

Enhancement & Human Nature

Author: R. M. Wittingslow

Institution: University of Sydney (Australia)

Abstract: In this paper, I attempt to question the very idea of "enhancement" itself. Given the tool-using nature of human beings, does the idea of enhancement have any meaningful basis, when it could be argued that all tool use is an attempt to enhance experience? This has grave ramifications for the public ethics that surrounds any discussion about the application of transhuman technologies. If, as I argue, there is nothing special about "enhancement" - indeed, if it is that very thing that makes us human - then the vocabulary of the discourse itself may be occluding a genuine and honest appraisal of these issues.

Keywords: philosophy, technology, phenomenology being, transhumanism, tools.

Health implications of novel life-extending drugs

Author: C. Wareham

Institution: University of Milan (Italia)

Abstract: Caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) are emerging biotechnologies that promise to substantially enhance human lifespan. CRMs like resveratrol, metformin and rapamycin have been extensively tested in animals and have undergone clinical trials in humans, with positive indications for extended lifespan. The imminent availability of interventions that substantially increase lifespan creates an urgent need for informed individual and policy decisions. As a step in this direction I focus on whether life extension by CRMs would make a person’s life better. One of the greatest fears in this regard is that lifespan augmenting technologies would result in a prolonged old age, and an extended period spent in intolerably poor health. I argue that that CRMs are likely to increase both the quantity and quality of life, since they slow ageing and postpone the onset of age-related disease.

Keywords: life extension, enhancement, welfare, well-being, quality of life, caloric restriction, calorie restriction mimetic, ethics, health implications, healthspan.

Using Web 3D technologies for involving consumers within the innovation process: an example through an e-commerce application

Authors: O. Christmann, E. Loup-Escande, R. Rolland, E. Yvain, S. Richir

Institution: Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LAMPA (France)

Abstract: This paper aims to show to what extent the Web3D is an advantage for implementing the Living Lab approach. In order to achieve this objective, we develop a project the context of an Action-Research. A state-of-the-art of Web3D solutions for e-commerce enabled us to select the most suitable functionalities and properties for designing a 3D gates configurator for consumers. A panel of Twenty-seven participants evaluated this tool. Results show that an interactive 3-dimensional visualization of the object is an advantage for the sale, because a single image does not usually allow user to imagine the product in its future environment. The use of Web3D for e-commerce enables consumers to be involved in the design process for co-creating solutions, which is one of the main aspects of the Living Lab approach.

Keywords: internet, e-commerce, web3d, living lab.

Social enhancement: innovation for all

Author: L. Cabrera

Institution: University of Basel (Switzerland)

Abstract: The discussion about human enhancement has been dominated by two main and somehow extreme views. One is the biomedical view, still the dominant view, which sees enhancement as interventions going beyond therapeutic goals. The other is what I refer to as the transhumanist view, which sees enhancement as interventions that promote atypical features in order to reach a posthuman stage. After highlighting the main features of the biomedical and the transhumanist views of human enhancement, this paper explores an alternative view of human enhancement, a view that refers to as social enhancement. Finally, it argues that social enhancement, as an alternative way to approach human enhancement, could be a better and more ethical way of using emerging technologies while addressing the pitfalls of the current dominant views of human enhancement.

Keywords: biomedical, ethics, human enhancement, social, technology, transhumanism.

Design optimization under evidence based uncertainty with application to an engine connecting rod

Authors: S. Segonds, C. Gogu, Y. Qiu, C. Bes and A. Mauffrey

Institution: Université de Toulouse (France)

Abstract: Optimization in design is becoming increasingly popular in the field of mechanical engeering. A further step concerns the taking into account manufacturing variability during the initial phases of design optimization. A methodology for design optimization under uncertainty is proposed here. Classification of uncertainties is listed and a propagation method for epistemic uncertainty based on the interval theory is presented. Then this method is applied to the design determination of a connecting rod taking into account the uncertainty due to the re-fitting procees of the die cast. The design of two specific parameters is studied. Results are discussed before concluding.

Keywords: design optimization, design under uncertainty, Dempster-Shafer theory, engine connecting rod

The significance of form elements: A study of representational content of design sketches

Authors: S. Z. Abidin^1,3, A. Warell², A. Liem³

Institutions: ¹Universiti Teknologi Mara (Malaysia), ²Lund University (Sweden), ³Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norway)

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to understand the significance of form elements through the interpretations of design sketches. These interpretations are provided by designers themselves interpreting expressive characteristics of car images, and by students interpreting the sketches of designers’ morphing sequences. In the experimental investigation of the sketching process through morphing sequence exercises, designers used individually driven styles and approaches when creating product form. These approaches produce characteristically different form ideas, which differ (but also show consistency) with respect to type of car category, expression, identity, recognition, format, composition, complexity, etc. Typically, assessment of generated sketch work and ideas is done using relative heuristic evaluation in a comparative design review. Given a large set of automotive sketches, general patterns of styling emphasis can be identified. The paper concludes that perceptions of designers are varied due to the representation format of the ideas as visual hand sketches. The visual hand sketches point out certain meaning and can be categorized with respect to perceptual characteristics according to the Product Perception Framework (PPE framework) and suggest that a tool to support evaluation and generation of early design concepts can be developed, and to support the generation of form ideas with desired characteristics for a brand, product category and market.

Keywords: aesthetics, categorization, form, perception, visual

Study of consumers’ functional and affective needs towards make up: helping innovation

Authors: J. Morel, H. Di Martino, A-M. Pensé-Lhéritier

Institution: EBI (France)

Abstract: Developing new products or concepts should not be solely about carrying out tests and analysing results. It should rely on knowing what the consumer consciously expects from the functional specifications of the product, but also on the subconscious expectations that may impact its emotions or well-being. The following study on make up was designed to understand young women’s functional and affective needs towards the expected make up effect. Better insights of the functional attributes of make up were acquired using a Kano questionnaire. Then, with the help of salivary markers and a self-esteem questionnaire, modifications of the affective state in response to sensorial stimuli, more specifically here a change in the facial appearance, have been demonstrated. Thus, with the objective of assessing the expectations in terms of product functionality as well as the impact on the consumer’s well being, the following study has allowed showing the use of the various tools used

Keywords: make up, well-being, sensory attributes, innovation, Kano, salivary markers.

A Behavioural Design Approach to Improving Mechanical System Design with Integration of Use Conditions

Authors: R. Houssin^1,2, H. Sun^1,2,3, M. Gardoni^1,4

Institutions: ¹INSA Strasbourg (France), ²University of Strasbourg (France), ³Jilin University (China), ⁴ETS Montréal (Canada)

Abstract: Mechanical system design is usually performed simply taking into consideration system functions and structures, while users’ behaviours in terms of using the system are generally not fully considered during the early design phase. Specific use conditions are also usually not taken into account. Use conditions refer to all parameters that could influence the performance of the system when it is used by the end-user. This paper covers multi-trade mechanical system design, and aims to better integrate system-use conditions into system behaviour, starting from the early design phase. To that end, a global view of behavioural design approach is proposed as a feasible solution to improve system performance starting from the early design phase, and a model of the use task (performed by the user or by the system itself) required to realize the mapping of the behavioural design approach is also proposed.

Keywords: design method, behavioural design, use conditions, task, user behaviour, structure behaviour.

The use of early design tools in engineering processes: a comparative case studies

Authors: F. Segonds¹, M. Iraqi-Houssaini², L. Roucoules², P. Véron², A. Aoussat¹

Institutions: ¹Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris (France), ²Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Aix-en-Provence (France)

Abstract: Nowadays, product design is increasingly complex: not only must it answer customer needs through complex functions; it must also ensure traceability throughout the design process, keeping in mind that standards and stringent regulations must be complied with. Faced with new challenges, engineering practices have evolved to allow stakeholders to be able to manage projects in new work environments, especially during the early stages of design. After presenting a state of the art of early design tools used in product design and their integration in PLM context, we compare class diagrams for two of them : TDC software (Knowllence©) and RFLP module of CATIA V6 (Dassault Systems©). Then, our paper presents an experiment focusing on these tools, which aims to assess their usability, to evaluate and compare them. Users can raise issues, take note of which functionalities are appreciated, and provide qualitative feedback. We analyze the results obtained in this experiment and propose a comparison based on four topics: learnability, satisfaction of users, efficiency and error correction. Finally, we present some links between class diagrams and usability of the tools.

Keywords: early stages of design, software usability, interoperability, PLM.

Validity evaluation of a spatial memory task in virtual environments

Authors: S. T. Koenig^1,2, G. P. Crucian³, A. Dünser¹, C. Bartneck¹, J. C. Dalrymple-Alford²

Institutions: ¹Human Interface Technology Laboratory, Christchurch (New Zealand), ²University of Canterbury (New Zealand), ³William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso (USA)

Abstract: A broad range of neuropsychological tests and trainings are used to assess cognitive function during rehabilitation after brain injury. However, given the everyday problems that patients struggle with, questions of ecological validity arise. For example, abstract tasks have little meaning to patients and decrease motivation to practice skills frequently. This study proposes a spatial memory task with high ecological validity that can be integrated into any virtual environment. Environments and target objects can be individually designed for each user to provide a relevant context and high motivation for patients with cognitive deficits. The task has been evaluated with both brain-injured and healthy individuals. 45 participants completed the virtual task and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Strong associations have been found with established tests of visual short-term memory. Due to high variability of test scores, no significant relationship with tests of spatial abilities has been established. High ecological validity of the spatial memory task caused five patients to show awareness of their cognitive deficits. Clinical implications and future task development are discussed.

Keywords: virtual environment, neuropsychology, rehabilitation, ecological validity, brain injury, spatial memory, validity evaluation.

Cutting the Cord: Wireless Mixed Reality Displays

Authors: M. Csisinko, H. Kaufmann

Institution: University of Technology, Vienna (Austria)

Abstract: In this paper we present wireless technologies that can be used to transmit uncompressed stereoscopic video signals to wireless displays in real time. We introduce two output devices, a stereoscopic head mounted display (HMD) and a TFT display module. Both of them have been adapted to act as receivers in order to display wirelessly streamed Mixed Reality (MR) content. By way of example two educational MR applications are presented which were used for demonstration and testing purposes. A number of teaching scenarios are described where teachers and students greatly benefit from the use of wireless displays. We briefly summarize the results of our observations while developing and evaluating these displays.

Keywords: wireless display, wireless HMD.

Experience of a cloud-avatar: scientific challenges and artistic perspectives

Authors: N. Delprat^1,2, C. Leroux³, S. Fdili Alaoui^1,4

Institutions: ¹LIMSI-CNRS, Orsay (France), ²Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (France), ³ESIEA, Paris (France), ⁴IRCAM Centre Pompidou, Paris (France)

Abstract: This paper presents the design and the implementation of an interactive simulation device for the virtual experience of an evanescent matter. The current prototype is based on a motion capture system and a particle generator for the graphics rendering. It allows for the investigation of various kinds of interactions with an avatar that represents in real time the user’s body in the form of a cloud. Questions such as perceptual limits of body recognition and relationships between the avatar material properties and the user’s action have been examined. The cognitive implications of this embodied virtual materiality provide many opportunities for creative work and research that will be discussed through an art-science approach.

Keywords: interactive simulation, virtual materiality, body-space relationship, art-science approach, phenomenology, virtual arts.

Designing for the Ubiquitous Computing era: towards the reinvention of everyday objects for rich services’ experiences

Authors: P. Thébault^1,2, H. Samier², D. Bihanic³, S. Richir²

Institutions: ¹Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, Nozay (France), ²Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Angers (France)

Abstract: Researchers of the Ubiquitous Computing community (Ubicomp) have been pursuing the vision of a world where technologies and services permeates every object of our lives for years. With components getting smaller, cheaper and more powerful, it has become possible to manufacture connected objects capable of interacting with resources of the World Wide Web. This opens up the possibility for researchers and practitioners to consider information as a design material and objects as platforms for services. By allowing users to personalize, complement or repurpose the functions of their objects, such services have a great impact on the way artifacts are designed. Designing for the Ubiquitous Era requires modifying our practice and reinforcing collaboration between disciplines at every steps of the creation process. In this article, we discuss the need to reinvent objects and to investigate the tools supporting the creation of rich services’ experiences.

Keywords: ubiquitous computing, design research, interaction design, product design, user experience design, connected objects, smart objects, object-based services, web of things.

Pulsed LED-LCD Multi-View System

Authors: A. Pross, R. Blach, M. Bues, R. Reichel, O. Stefani

Institution: Fraunhofer IAO, Stuttgart (Germany)

Abstract: In this paper we present a multi-view stereo display concept based on pulsed LED light sources of a 3 LED/3 LCD projector. Switching LED sources allows high frequency shuttering of the displayed image and can therefore be used for multi-view systems. We have implemented a two user system which can be extended to more views with little expenditure. This alleviates the known principal problems of shutter-based multi-view systems of energy inefficiency, brightness degradation due to the projector shutter, and increasing crosstalk with the number of views.

Keywords: multi user system, multi view display system, virtual reality, stereoscopic display, immersive projection.

Hierarchical Puppetry: From Ragdoll Physics to Avatar Expression

Author: J. Ventrella

Institution: Independant researcher, San Francisco (USA)

Abstract: This paper explores spontaneous avatar nonverbal expression, and addresses a problem of puppeteering: directly manipulating one’s avatar using mouse or touch input. Given typically sparse inputs to a virtual world, what is needed is a hierarchical scheme, whereby some avatar behaviors can be automated while the user manipulates higher level expressions. As an example of a rudimentary puppeteering scheme, the Physical Avatar is described, developed by the author for Second Life. The technical aspects of this system are put in the context of the more general problem of puppeteering. The brain’s control of body motion (especially expression) is considered as a natural system that can inspire solutions to the avatar puppeteering problem.

Keywords: avatar, expression, puppetry, ragdoll physics, direct-manipulation, homunculus, user interaction, second Life, virtual world.

Composing for the Interactive Medium

Authors: R. Taylor¹, G. Schofield², J. Shearer², J. Wallace², P. Wright², P. Boulanger¹, P. Olivier²

Institutions: ¹University of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada), ²Newcastle University (UK)

Abstract: We present a discussion of the role of the composer when developing content for the interactive, participatory medium. We describe compositional tensions which emerged during the creation and enactment of our interactive performance, humanaquarium, and discuss how the intertwined nature of interactive and aesthetic concerns inspired our creative innovation in the composition process.

Keywords: participatory performance, interactive art, composition, musicianship, experience-centered design.

Generate virtual worlds to explore data

Author: D. Sebastien

Institution: Université de la Réunion (France)

Abstract: The quantity and variety of data stored in Information Systems (IS) make their analysis by experts and accessibility to non-specialist difficult. As immersive representations in 3D virtual worlds, also known as metaverses, offer new ways of displaying information, it is useful to transpose the data stored in IS into a metaverse. This paper introduces the basics to create a meta-model of architecture describing the structure of virtual worlds. Then we present two models instantiated from this meta-model. The Realistic Architecture Model focuses on the reproduction of natural environments whereas the Arborescent Architecture Model tries to be compatible with all IS architectures. Finally, as the data in Information Systems are regularly updated, we propose two methodologies to automate the generation of metaverses associated to the two models of architecture presented.

Keywords: model of metaverse, virtual worlds generation, immersive environments, Information Systems, meta-model, realistic architecture model, arborescent architecture model

Classifying high-tech capital goods innovation projects on the early stage of the development

Authors: K. Velloso Rodrigues, P. Truchot, T. Froehlicher, H. Boudaoud

Institutions: Converteam Rotating Machines (France), INPL (France), HEC University of Liege (Belgium)

Abstract: This article focuses on the study of high-tech capital goods innovation projects. As in every innovation project, there are a lot of risks and uncertainties involving the development of these projects. Our proposal is to categorize innovation projects in the field of high-tech capital goods at the very beginning of the project launch, i.e. at the early stage of the development. We use technological, market and leadership aspects as criteria for classification. We believe that identifying the elements that permit to classify innovation projects in different categories should allow a better assessment and management of the particular risks of each category. In addition, a classification in different categories could also help to build a strategy on respect to the management of innovation projects portfolio. We finish this article by presenting a test of our classification proposition on six innovation projects concerning real capital goods.

Keywords: innovation projects, capital goods, innovation projects classification.

A better coherence between design and production with the Total Inertial tolerancing

Authors: M. Pillet, D. Denimal

Institutions: Université de Savoie (France)

Abstract: Inertial tolerancing is a new concept of tolerancing which has done a first standardization in France NF XP E 04-008 (2009). The paper presents a generalization of the inertial tolerancing: total inertia. The goal of total inertial tolerancing is to use the information include in the numeric description of the product. The Total inertial tolerancing defined "consistent functional subset" and different coordinate systems. For each of these subsets, total inertia defined the maximum variability accepted (maximum inertia) from digital target. Inertia is the mean square deviation of the differences between the actual part and the target, measured in accordance with normal to the surface. Each functional subset will be identified by different colors. The purpose of the production is to produce parts with the least variability compared to the numerical shape. The production problem can be represented by two vectors: The vector of the deviations from the target on all measured points, and the vector of the control factors. The question is: what is the value to apply on each corrector to minimize the vector of deviations? A reply is given by the total inertial tolerancing of which the link between the maximum inertia and the production is strong. Thus, the problem consists into compute the pseudo-inverse matrix of the relation between the deviation and impact vectors. This pseudoinverse matrix allows minimizing the least squares deviation, in other words, minimizing the inertia. This paper presents an example of inertial tolerancing specification of a complex part and show how to adjust a production with its new approach. It shows how to manage easily different inertial tolerancing realized by a same tool.

Keywords: statistical tolerancing, inertial tolerancing, inertial process Control, 3D process control, numerical chain integrity.

Emotions and technological innovation adoption intention

Authors: J. Hoffmann, G. Roehrich, J-P. Mathieu

Institutions: SKEMA Business School (France), IAE Grenoble (France)

Abstract: The study of emotions in the innovation adoption process has received increased attention in the innovation and marketing literature. We explore the role of affect as an antecedent of utilitarian and hedonic benefits. The model was tested with a representative sample of the French on-line population composed of 1516 individuals. Results validate the role of affect as an antecedent of functional and hedonic benefits and show that their impact varies according to affect valence. Our paper presents one of the first empirical validations of emotion influence in the innovation adoption process.

Keywords: innovation adoption, emotion, affect, novelty degree

In progress / Soon available

Papers - Ijodir 2011 / Vol.6 - n°2

Under construction

Formalization approach to early design synthesis

Authors: W. Brace, E. Coatanéa, H. Kauranne, M. Heiska

Institutions: Aalto University School of Science and Technology (Finland)

Abstract: This article introduces a formal early design synthesis and its corollary, function behaviour-structure, to an early design analysis and identification of concepts for complex systems. First, the article presents state of the art of design modelling frameworks and tools for dynamic system synthesis and behaviour modelling. Secondly, the key elements for function-based design synthesis and behaviour modelling are discussed, as well as the interest and actual limitations of the general architecture model applied to early design of complex systems. Finally, the article proposes an alternative approach in order to allow systematic design and to explore behaviours of functions and structures early in the development stage with the intention of future coding as a computational tool to further allow the automation of design process.

Keywords: function-based design, complex system, behaviour, design synthesis, early design, design automation.

Capitalizing and structuring design knowledge in an SME environment

Authors: A. A. Ammar, D. Scaravetti, J.-P. Nadeau

Institutions: Arts et Métiers ParisTech Bordeaux (France)

Abstract: Small companies can find it difficult to preserve their knowledge, and also to structure a design process. A design methodology is proposed, based on design knowledge reuse and suitable for developing new manufacturing processes in an SME context. This paper describes a knowledge structuring and capitalization method, where a functional description is applied. The purpose is to capitalize technical solutions and the components used to carry out a given function, and to build a knowledge base that could be reused when designing new manufacturing processes. In this way, the time spent on research into design concepts can be reduced. Components are identified using the Converter-Transmitter-Operator-Control classification, based on describing the functional flow path in terms of energy. Produced and induced effects associated with the components are highlighted, by identifying the relevant conjugate variables for the functional flows. The choice of solutions in the reuse phase is thus facilitated by considering these effects. In addition, a task decomposition tool has been developed to simplify the describing of existing manufacturing processes. Existing knowledge capitalization methods proved unsuitable for an SME context. Based on the proposed approach, we applied our capitalization method in an industrial context, with the processes used by our partner company, which had never previously capitalized its design knowledge.

Keywords: design knowledge capitalization, functional base, design methodology, SME, task analysis.

A comparative study on design of turkish coffee brewing machines for self-service

Authors: O. Erkarslan, S. Basarir

Institutions: Izmir Institute of Technology (Turkey)

Abstract: Traditional Turkish coffee brewing method has a history of five hundred years, new gadgets which were the rivals of the ibrik, had been designed to meet the ‘need of speed’, which was the requirement of the era. In this study the history of coffee and the Turkish coffee brewing methods was mentioned. Then three Turkish coffee brewing machines which were chosen from the market was examined according to the level of their customer requirement satisfaction by using (QFD) quality function deployment method. After evaluating the datas obtained from this examination, findings were argued and suggestions were made about which specifications of the products should have been developed in the next generation design of the products.

Keywords: Industrial design, Turkish coffee brewing machines, customer satisfaction, comparative analysis, Turkey

A Model for the Management of Design Project Issues. The Case of the Microsatellites Design

Authors: C. Belleval, I. Deniaud, C. Lerch

Institutions: University of Strasbourg (France)

Abstract: This article studies the resolution of problems related to the design of complex products using a systems engineering approach. We illustrate our discussion with a case study from the space sector pertaining to the design of microsatellites. We postulate that problem complexity depends on the nature of the interaction between product subsystems, as well as on the difficulty of defining an acceptable formulation of the problem by the project team. Our analysis tends to show that although systems engineering is effective for breaking a product into subsystems and managing the resulting issues, it is sometimes inefficient to deal with problems that are difficult to formulate. This is because systems engineering does not explicitly take into account the technical, organizational and cognitive contradictions inherent in the most innovative design problems.

Keywords: Design, contradiction, systems engineering, Vee cycle

Advanced methodology for structuring partners selection criteria

Authors: A. Wehbe^1,2, M. Zolghadri², C. Baron¹, G. Auriol¹

Institutions: ¹INSA de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse (France), ²Université de Bordeaux (France)

Abstract: The company's ability in developing new products is a crucial factor in its commercial success which mostly relies on partner’s performance too. These partners by their needed and asked contribution become an integrated part of the industrial strategy. The partner selection task is therefore a more and more risky one because companies have to take account of diversified and complex selection criteria. Consequently, the selection criteria should be structured in order to be feasible for an efficient partner selection. In this paper, we present a methodology for selecting partners, and we use the partners’ classification as the main driver of criteria structure. This idea is illustrated through its application to a set of selection criteria taken from the scientific literature.

Keywords: Product design, partner’s selection, new product development project, partner network, structuring criteria

Survey on standards for product data exchange and sharing: application in CAD/CAE interoperability

Authors: I. Assouroko¹, P. Boutinaud¹, N. Troussier², B. Eynard², G. Ducellier³

Institutions: ¹Cadesis (France), ²Université de Technologie de Compiègne (France), ³Université de Technologie de Troyes (France)

Abstract: Nowadays, PLM systems take a major place in the product development process. PLM implementation through IT environment is a key strategy for collaborative definition and management of product data and knowledge. In order to improve product cost and quality, to reduce time to market, companies and their partners need to exchange and share their data effectively. The aim of the paper is to provide a literature review of research works developed for data and information exchange and sharing between CAD and CAE systems such as implemented in the current PLM strategy. Then, the paper proposes a survey of data exchange protocols and standards. Finally, a more comprehensive approach for software interoperability and data exchange and sharing will be developed.

Keywords: CAD, CAE, PLM, Data exchange, interoperability

Geometrical tools for the description and control of functional specifications at the conceptual design phase